The program which manipulates Input and Output for computers is known as Operating Systems. Previous to Bill Gates we called operating system as the disk performing systems since it presently read and write on disks. At this time operating systems handle every input/output, maintain the actions of peripheral devices via program drivers, and afford methods, events and attributes for programmable program objects (Dynamic Link Libraries, ActiveX, COM, The Win-32 API, and so forth).
Here are a number of types of Operating Systems:* Unix/ Variants * Mac * Windows Vista * Windows 2000 * Linux/ Variants* Windows 98* Windows XPEtc.
An operating system's main purpose is to bear instructions that really perform the job you're concerned in. For example, you may use an editor to produce a document. This editor might not perform its job with no aid from operating systems--it wants this aid to interact by means of your terminal, files, and the respite of computers.
If every operating system carries your applications, why you want an entire book now to talk concerning the operating system? Here is lots of schedule maintenance actions (separately from your main programs) that you need to perform. In the container of Linux, operating system beers a huge amount of 'mini-applications' helping you perform your job more professionally. Operating system is actually a system on which we operate. Knowing operating systems can be obliging when you're not functioning in one vast application.
The primary part of operating systems is known as 'kernel'. It offers extra services to programs are superior and create more capable operating systems. As it may appear at first that every micro-kernels should be lesser than all macro-kernels, keys 'micro' and 'macro' actually aren't referring to count of kernel but an attitude of operating system plan.
Selasa, 19 Februari 2008
Computer Learning on Artificial Intelligence
The phrase Artificial Intelligence (AI) was at first is used to mean "the science or engineering on making intellectual machines". It can refer as intelligence to exhibit by the artificial unit. The strong and weak AI may be used narrowing the definition of classifying such kind of systems. AI is calculated in overlapping the fields on computer science and psychology and philosophy and neuroscience or engineering, dealing with intellectual behavior, learning or adaptation or typically developed using modified machines or computers. AI is concerned to produce machines automating tasks requiring intellectual performance. Examples include control or planning and scheduling, ability to answer analytical and buyer questions or handwriting or natural language or speech or facial recognition. Such as, the learn of AI has become an engineering order, focused over providing solutions on real life troubles, knowledge mining or software applications or strategy games similar to computer chess or other video games. The biggest difficulty by AI is that of understanding. Many devices now have been created which can do remarkable things, and critics of AI claim which no actual understanding over the AI machine that has taken place.
A broad range of classifiers now are available, each by its strengths or weaknesses. Classifier concert depends greatly over the uniqueness of the data being classified. Shaping a appropriate classifier for the given trouble is still much more an skill than science.
Artificial Intelligence methods include the followings:
* Expert systems
* Case based reasoning
* Bayesian networks
* Behavior based AI
Generally speaking AI scheme are built about automated inference systems, based over certain conditions the scheme infers definite consequences. Artificial Intelligence applications are usually divided into 2 types, in the terms of consequences: the classifiers or controllers. Controllers do yet also categorize conditions by inferring events and therefore categorization form an inner part of the most Artificial Intelligence systems.
A broad range of classifiers now are available, each by its strengths or weaknesses. Classifier concert depends greatly over the uniqueness of the data being classified. Shaping a appropriate classifier for the given trouble is still much more an skill than science.
Artificial Intelligence methods include the followings:
* Expert systems
* Case based reasoning
* Bayesian networks
* Behavior based AI
Generally speaking AI scheme are built about automated inference systems, based over certain conditions the scheme infers definite consequences. Artificial Intelligence applications are usually divided into 2 types, in the terms of consequences: the classifiers or controllers. Controllers do yet also categorize conditions by inferring events and therefore categorization form an inner part of the most Artificial Intelligence systems.
The Computer Scientist
John McCarthy was the first man to use the words Artificial Intelligence or AI. He defined it to be "the engineering about making intelligent machines". AI is a wide topic with many fields including psychology, philosophy and of course computer science.
The modern definition is "the study and design of intelligent agents". Intelligent agents have two kind of meanings. In computer science, the meanings is a software agent which will assist users and make own decisions. Software agents are generally pre-programmed to learn and adapt like the programmer chose. A typical example of a software agent is a bot.In the other meaning, the artificial intelligence way, it?s used as an actor which observe and act in a environment. An example of this could be a robot, which tries to interact with its environment and if it?s successful it is regarded as intelligent.An Intelligent agent should, according to Nikola Kasabov, exhibit following:
· Improve through interaction with the environment (embodiment)
· Adapt in real time and online
· Quickly learn from large amounts of data
· Accommodate new problem solving methods incrementally
· Have parameters representing short and long term memory, forgetting, age and other non-perfect human kind problems.
· Analyze itself in terms of errors, behavior and success.
Intelligent machines has been a dream since ancient times and today it is getting closer and closer to reality. The start of the modern AI was when Alan Turing introduces his "Turing test" that was based on a capability to have a human-like conversation with the machine. In 1972 the AI programmers got "their own" programming language called Prolog, developed by Alain Colmerauer.Twenty-five years later, in 1997, the world really opened its eyes for AI when the IBM Deep Blue chess-playing computer defeated the world champion Garry Kasparov in chess.Artificial intelligence is now used for many things including pattern recognition, biologically mutations and in military service.
There are plenty of useful tools that has been available through artificial intelligence. One example in game playing could be that the AI agent search through a tree of moves and counter moves to improve its position against the opponent. Other fields where AI methods are implemented are:
· Artificial life
· Automation
· E-mail spam filtering
· Image processing
· Data mining
· Robotics Natural language processing (translation, chatter bots)
The modern definition is "the study and design of intelligent agents". Intelligent agents have two kind of meanings. In computer science, the meanings is a software agent which will assist users and make own decisions. Software agents are generally pre-programmed to learn and adapt like the programmer chose. A typical example of a software agent is a bot.In the other meaning, the artificial intelligence way, it?s used as an actor which observe and act in a environment. An example of this could be a robot, which tries to interact with its environment and if it?s successful it is regarded as intelligent.An Intelligent agent should, according to Nikola Kasabov, exhibit following:
· Improve through interaction with the environment (embodiment)
· Adapt in real time and online
· Quickly learn from large amounts of data
· Accommodate new problem solving methods incrementally
· Have parameters representing short and long term memory, forgetting, age and other non-perfect human kind problems.
· Analyze itself in terms of errors, behavior and success.
Intelligent machines has been a dream since ancient times and today it is getting closer and closer to reality. The start of the modern AI was when Alan Turing introduces his "Turing test" that was based on a capability to have a human-like conversation with the machine. In 1972 the AI programmers got "their own" programming language called Prolog, developed by Alain Colmerauer.Twenty-five years later, in 1997, the world really opened its eyes for AI when the IBM Deep Blue chess-playing computer defeated the world champion Garry Kasparov in chess.Artificial intelligence is now used for many things including pattern recognition, biologically mutations and in military service.
There are plenty of useful tools that has been available through artificial intelligence. One example in game playing could be that the AI agent search through a tree of moves and counter moves to improve its position against the opponent. Other fields where AI methods are implemented are:
· Artificial life
· Automation
· E-mail spam filtering
· Image processing
· Data mining
· Robotics Natural language processing (translation, chatter bots)
Why You Should Study a Subject like Computer Science
Computers affect every part of our daily lives and are used by every conceivable type of organisation as well as in our cars and throughout our homes. Technology is moving more rapidly than ever before, powered by the internet and advances in computing.
Computing is concerned with how machines can store and process data, their use in problem-solving, and the assessment of the quality of these solutions. Thus it involves the design and architecture of computers, the development of programs, the effective construction of systems, and the study of the theory and techniques used in designing hardware and software. There is strong demand for those with computing qualifications - people who can, for example, analyse business IT requirements, develop sophisticated programs, construct global computer networks and develop websites. Here at Cardiff you can gain the technical skills you need to become a professional computer scientist.
Recent graduates have gained employment with such organisations as IBM, GCHQ, Cardiff County Council, British Gas and Logica.
Upcoming Professional Development Events
Computing is concerned with how machines can store and process data, their use in problem-solving, and the assessment of the quality of these solutions. Thus it involves the design and architecture of computers, the development of programs, the effective construction of systems, and the study of the theory and techniques used in designing hardware and software. There is strong demand for those with computing qualifications - people who can, for example, analyse business IT requirements, develop sophisticated programs, construct global computer networks and develop websites. Here at Cardiff you can gain the technical skills you need to become a professional computer scientist.
Recent graduates have gained employment with such organisations as IBM, GCHQ, Cardiff County Council, British Gas and Logica.
Upcoming Professional Development Events
Make plans to connect with peers, grow professionally and learn about exciting new teaching materials by checking out our list of conferences and events for STEM teachers.
Join the Discussion in the Forum
Meet new colleagues! Explore new teaching and learning materials! Share ideas about new software! Visit the K-12 Educators Forum. Join our lively online community to share your ideas, ask questions, and learn from other computer science and technology teachers. We look forward to hearing from you soon
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